(1) Who was John Wycliffe?
John Wycliffe was an early reformer and theologian, as well as a critic of papal wealth and authority. John was an English scholastic philosopher, theologian, and a priest who taught at the University of Oxford. He argued that the church had grown corrupt and wealthy, asserting that secular rulers had the right to seize church property if the clergy misused it. Wycliffe believed that the Bible, not the pope, was the ultimate spiritual authority. He directed the translation of the Bible from Latin into Middle English, so that ordinary people could read it.
(2) What were the causes and consequences of the Hundred Years’ War?
One of the causes of the Hundred Years War was feudal and territorial disputes. The kings of England held lands in France as vassals to the French king, creating constant tension. Another factor was the Dynastic Succession. When French King Charles IV died without a male heir in 1328, King Edward III of England claimed the french throne through his mother, Isabella. French nobles rejected his claim, choosing Philip VI instead. One of the consequences of the Hundred Years War was the rise of nationalism. Both England and France developed strong national identities separate from feudal loyalties. Military revolution was another consequence of the war. The reliance on knightly Calvary waned with the rise of infantry, longbowmen, and early gunpowder weapons.
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