The Peloponnesian War was fought because, after the Persian Wars, Athens became powerful, using its navy to dominate its allies and build an empire. Sparta, fearing Athens’ growing influence, eventually decided to go to war.

The war ended with Sparta’s victory, but all of Greece was left weakened. It destroyed Athenian naval dominance, drained resources, and shattered unity among the Greek city-states.

In Pericles’ Funeral Oration, he praises Athens and its citizens. His speech serves as both a eulogy for the fallen and a celebration of Athenian democracy.

Some key points Pericles makes include:

• Athens is a model city, admired by others.
• Athens is a democracy, giving power to the people.
• Athenians advance based on ability and merit, not birth or social rank.

1. What was the disagreement Socrates had with the Sophists?

2. What was Plato’s point in his allegory of the cave?

The Allegory of the Cave is a theory that if a group of people were chained from birth facing a cave wall, and the only thing they ever saw of the outside world were shadows projected onto it, they would believe that those shadows were the entire reality.
Plato’s point in the Allegory of the Cave was that most people believe only what they see. If someone has seen nothing but shadows their entire life, they will believe that shadows are all that exist.

The disagreement Socrates had with the Sophists was that the Sophists believed truth is relative and that persuasion is most important, while Socrates believed truth is absolute, can be discovered through reason, and that knowledge should aim toward improvement and wisdom.

In my view, the Cyclopes cannot be considered a true civilization. Each Cyclops lives in isolation rather than as part of a community, and they lack the basic structures that define organized societies, such as laws, shared governance, and agriculture

Odysseus and his men discover an island and decide to explore. They find a cave that appears to be inhabited and wait for its owner, who turns out to be a Cyclops. When the Cyclops finds Odysseus and his men, he rolls a massive stone across the entrance to trap them inside and proceeds to eat two of the men. That night he goes to sleep, and the next morning he eats two more men before letting his sheep out to graze, rolling the stone back in place behind him. Odysseus devises a plan to escape: when the giant returns, he introduces himself as “Nobody” and offers the Cyclops wine. The giant drinks the wine, becomes drunk, and falls asleep. Odysseus then sharpens a stick, hardens it in the fire, and plunges it into the Cyclops’ eye. The blinded giant cries out, “Help! Nobody is attacking me!” so the other Cyclopes ignore him. In the morning, as the Cyclops lets his sheep out, Odysseus and his men hide underneath them and escape. Once they reach their ship, Odysseus, overcome with pride, reveals his true name, prompting the Cyclops to call upon Poseidon to curse him and his men.

Bull jumping depiction from Minoan Crete

Summary of Hector in Book 6 of The Iliad

Hector is married to Andromache, and together they have a baby named Astyanax. During the war between the Trojans and the Greeks, Hector comes home from the battlefield and finds his brother Paris staying at the house. Hector convinces Paris to return to the fight, and they prepare to go back together. Before he leaves, Hector’s wife begs him to stay with her and their child, but he refuses, choosing his duty over family.

This shows that Hector is torn between love and duty, but ultimately chooses duty. He is also very brave and honorable, and he values his reputation and responsibility—maybe even too much.

Summary of Hector in Book 6 of The Iliad and Summary of the History of Minoan Crete

The Minoan civilization on the island of Crete began around 3000 BC and lasted until about 1100 BC. It is recognized as one of the first advanced civilizations in Europe, known for its large palace complexes and advanced plumbing systems. Minoan Crete was strongly based on trade, exchanging pottery, frescoes, wine, and other goods with places like Greece, Egypt, and the Near East.

The Minoans developed a written language called Linear A, which has not yet been fully deciphered. Their economy was centered around the palaces, where goods were collected and redistributed. Religion was very important, with many rituals, symbols, and depictions of bull-leaping, though the full meaning of these practices is still debated.

Minoan civilization reached its peak between 2000 and 1400 BC, but afterwards it declined, possibly due to natural disasters such as the Thera volcanic eruption and later invasions by the Mycenaeans from mainland Greece.